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The function of the eye is to see clearly the objects around us. The inability of the eye to accurately focus the rays of light coming from distance on the retina is called refractive error. This condition may be either because the eye is too short or long in length, or because the cornea or lens does not have the required refractive power. There are three types of refractive errors:
Myopia (near-sight): this is the condition in which the eye is too long and the light is focused in front of the retina. Distant objects are blurred but the near objects are seen clearly. The eye has too much optical power and to correct it the optical power is reduced by either minus glasses or contact lenses, or by surgery .
Hypermetropia (long-sight): this is the condition in which the eye is too short and the light is focused behind the retina. The eye has less optical power than is needed. When young the eye can use the lens within the eye to compensate, but reading glasses are needed at a relatively early age. Later, distance glasses (plus) are needed as well, such that glasses for distance and near are required.
Astigmatism: this is the condition where the eye does not focus the light evenly, usually due to the cornea of the eye being more curved in one direction than the other. It may occur on its own or may be associated with myopia or hypermetropia.
What is Presbyopia?
Presbyopia is the normal aging process, where the lens progressively loses its capacity to increase its power for near vision(loss of accommodation). The distance vision may be normal, but the near vision becomes blurred with age greater than about 45 years. This is corrected by wearing reading glasses (plus) for the near work. This condition may occur in itself or may be present alongwith pre-existing myopia, hypermetropia or astigmatism.
What are the ways of treating refractive errors?
The refractive errors may be treated by either of the following ways:
Glasses: this is the simplest and most popular way of correcting refractive errors
Contact lens:this option is cosmetically much better though the maintenance and cleaning of contact lenses may be cumbersome. There is also a slight risk of infection to the cornea, if the contact lenses are not cleaned properly before use.
Refractive surgeries: these are increasingly becoming popular with the advent of more predictable laser treatments.
There are several types of corrective surgical procedures for refractive errors, including,
Myopia (Short-sightedness)
Myopia is a refractive error that occurs when your eye is too long compared to the curvature (focusing power) of your cornea, or when the cornea is more curved, so light focuses short of the retina. This means you cannot see distant objects clearly, such as the numbers on the front of buses. Corneal refractive surgery can correct this by changing the shape of the cornea so that its focusing power is matched to the length of the eye. Laser eye surgery can correct short-sightedness.
Hyperopia (Long-sightedness)
A refractive error that occurs when your eye is too short compared to the curvature (focusing power) of your cornea, or when the cornea is less curved, so light focuses behind the retina. When younger, many hyperopic eyes can self-focus by utilising the 'zoom' intended for reading, to compensate for the distance blur. Laser eye surgery can correct long-sightedness.
Astigmatism
Astigmatism occurs when your cornea is more oval shaped (like a rugby ball) than a sphere. The result of this refractive error is that light is focused at two different planes inside your eye. Images appear blurred or ghost images can result. Approximately half of all people with myopia or hyperopia have astigmatism as well. Refractive surgery can correct astigmatism, whether it is accompanied with myopia, hyperopia or presents alone.
Presbyopia (ageing eyes/reading glasses)
Everyone develops the refractive error known as presbyopia during their life. Most people, whether they have previously worn glasses or not, experience the symptoms of presbyopia in their forties. Effectively, the zoom system that allows your eyes to change focus from distance to near becomes weaker. Your ability to read small print (i.e. newspapers) diminishes and you require different lenses for focusing on close or distant objects. Traditionally, people have used reading glasses, bifocals or varifocals, to correct this, but refractive surgery offers a permanent solution to this eye condition.
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