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Valvuloplasty is performed, in certain circumstances, to open a stenotic (stiff) heart valve. In valvuloplasty, a very small, narrow, hollow tube, or catheter, is advanced from a blood vessel in the groin through the aorta into the heart. Once the catheter is placed in the valve to be opened, a large balloon at the tip of the catheter is inflated until the leaflets (flaps) of the valve are opened. Once the valve has been opened, the balloon is deflated and the catheter is removed.
There are valves between each of the heart's pumping chambers: -
Tricuspid valve - located between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Pulmonary (or pulmonic) valve - located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
Mitral valve - located between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Aortic valve - located between the left ventricle and the aorta
Valvular heart disease may cause the following symptoms: -
dizziness
chest pain
breathing difficulties
palpitations
edema (swelling) of the feet, ankles, or abdomen
rapid weight gain due to fluid retention
What is Balloon Valvuloplasty?
Balloon valvuloplasty is a procedure in which a narrowed heart valve is stretched open with a small balloon which is inserted and inflated to stretch and open a narrowed (stenosed) heart valve.
Why is Valvuloplasty performed?
There are four valves in the heart- aortic valve, pulmonary valve, mitral valve, and tricuspid valve. These valves are located at the exit of each of the four chambers of the heart and these valves open and close to regulate the blood flow from one chamber to the next and thus are very important for the efficient functioning of the heart. When these valves become narrow (stenosis) due to hardening and calcium deposits, Valvuloplasty is performed to enlarge the narrowed opening and facilitate the flow of blood through them.
Who is an ideal candidate for Valvuloplasty?
Valvuloplasty is used for the patients who have mitral valve stenosis or pulmonary valve stenosis and cannot undergo an open heart surgery. It is also a procedure of choice in older or debilitated patients with aortic stenosis who are considered high risk for the major surgeries of heart. Valvuloplasty is also indicated in children with congenital aortic stenosis, until the child is old enough to have Heart Valve Replacement surgery.
How is Valvulopasty done?
The procedure is performed in a cardiac catheterization laboratory and takes up to four hours. The patient is usually awake, but is given local anesthesia to make the area where the catheter is inserted numb. The site where the catheter will be inserted is prepared and anesthetized. The catheter that has a small deflated balloon at the tip is inserted through the skin in the groin area into a blood vessel, and then is threaded up to the opening of the narrowed heart valve. The balloon is inflated, which stretches the valve open. Once the valve is widened, the balloon-tipped catheter is removed
How long is the recovery period and what is the aftercare?
After balloon Valvuloplasty, the patient is sent to the recovery room, where he or she is monitored for vital signs (such as pulse and breathing) and heart sounds. An ECG is also done. The leg in which the catheter was inserted is temporarily prevented from moving. The insertion site, is observed for bleeding until the catheter is removed For at least 30 minutes after removal of the catheter, direct pressure is applied to the site of insertion; after this a pressure dressing will be applied. The patient can resume normal activities following discharge from the hospital.
How safe is Valvuloplasty?
The procedure of Valvuloplasty has been considered to be fairly safe. Valvuloplasty has a success rate of 80 - 90% with minimum chances of post-operative complications and very low incidence of valve leakage. Although Valvuloplasty has been performed since the 1950's, refined techniques and materials have improved the outcome of this procedure.
What are the benefits of and risks associated with the procedure?
It is very risky to perform open heart surgery sometimes in ill, debilitated and aged patients . Valvuloplasty is a suitable alternative in such patients. It is also used to bridge the time gap between the valve replacement. Sometimes it also possible to open the narrowed valve and leave it open for a long period of time without resorting to Open Heart Surgery. The mortality rate following Valvuloplasty is extremely low.
Risks of the Procedure
Possible risks associated with valvuloplasty include, but are not limited to, the following : -
Bleeding at the catheter insertion site
Blood clot or damage to the blood vessel at the insertion site
Rupture of the valve, requiring open-heart surgery
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Valvuloplasty is performed, in certain circumstances, to open a stenotic (stiff) heart valve. In valvuloplasty, a very small, narrow, hollow tube, or catheter, is advanced from a blood vessel in the groin through the aorta into the heart. Once the catheter is placed in the valve to be opened, a large balloon at the tip of the catheter is inflated until the leaflets (flaps) of the valve are opened. Once the valve has been opened, the balloon is deflated and the catheter is removed. 
